Orbital Disorders

The orbit refers to the bony cavity in the skull that houses the eye and surrounding structures. Diseases of the orbit can arise from within the orbit or as part of a systemic illness that affects multiple tissues or organs. In general, the various types of orbital diseases can be classified into:

1. Tumours
2. Inflammation
3. Infections
4. Abnormal development of orbital blood vessels

Tumours

Orbital tumours can be benign or malignant. They can occur in children and adults. Some examples include:

CT scan is helpful in diagnosis and biopsy is warranted in most cases to aid in management and medical decision-making.

Inflammation

Inflammation that occurs within the orbit requires sophisticated microscopic examination and blood tests to reach a specific diagnosis which is important in treatment. Some causes of orbital inflammation include: Wegener’s granulomatosis and other vasculitides Systemic lupus granulomatosis Sarcoidosis Sjogren’s syndrome

* This is a general guide. If in doubt, please consult your doctor.

Infections

Orbital infections, also known as orbital cellulitis, can be due to bacterial, fungal or parasitic organisms. This is an ophthalmic emergency requiring hospital admission and antibiotic treatment as spread of infection to the cavernous sinus within the brain can be life-threatening. Extra care is required in patients with diabetes mellitus especially when dealing with fungal infection. Surgery to clear orbital abscesses or devitalized tissue may be necessary.

Abnormal Development Of Orbital Blood Vessels

Vascular malformations such as cavernous haemangioma, lymphangioma and varix are benign in nature but can cause visual loss due to compression of the optic nerve. They also often cause unsightly bulging of the eyes and may affect eye position and movements resulting in double vision. Clinical assessment and imaging with CT scan or angiogram are crucial in making the correct diagnosis. These lesions are often left alone or removed surgically

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